Quest for a National Flag for India, Part-VII, The Swaraj (National) Flag of India-1921.

Let me start to-day, at the outset, that we should refrain from quoting (without verification) from the information brochures published by the Department of Posts in connection with the release of a commemorative/special postage stamp (you know that all rights with respect to the stamp, first day cover and information brochure rest with the Department and they do charge for the same). Our wise men have said you do not learn anything free of cost!  They were right.

 I was given to understand wrongly, the life span of P. Venkayya as ‘1878-1963’ as mentioned in the information brochure of the stamp issued on 12-8-2009. On verification, I found from authentic biographies that the main architect of the Swaraj flag, was born on 2^nd. August 1876, not in 1878, in fact, the Department of Posts had celebrated Venkayya’s centenary of birth on 2-8-1976 by issuing a special cover from Vijaywada (his birth place, in broader sense).

So, we get at least three haulers(!) from one information brochure alone – first; P. Venkayya’s year of birth, second; mis-spelling of Venkiah and the third; Venkkyya’s contribution (?) to the Purna Swaraj Flag which was created in 1931.

1.      While on the subject, it was also noticed that Dadabhoy Naoroji on the stamp issued on 4-9-1963 in his honour became Dadabhai Naoroji on the stamp issued on 26-8-1993 (vide, Quest for a flag for India, Part IV).

 

Now let us now, come back to our search for the historical

events that led us to the present National Flag.

    The ‘Charkha’ was introduced at the Gandhi’s Ashram at Ahmedabad in the year 1917. Gandhi’s acceptance to the Swaraj flag in 1921 soon suffused the imagination of our country. Every city, village and hamlet saw it aflutter, in simple khadi, above private dwellings – large and humble – and in the street corners; claimed R. Vekataraman, former President of India.

 

     On the other hand, Gandhi’s “Cult of the Charkha”, efficacy of Charkha in advancing Swaraj (Independence) and the symbol of Charkha on the Swaraj flag was severely debated, criticised by many. Prominent amongst was perhaps, Rabindranath Tagore. ‘Letters and Debates’ between Gandhi and Tagore in this respect are of great historical values even to-day.

 

 D.V. Sivarao, a research-scholar, in a broadcast from the All India Radio, Vijaywada on 19-10-1953 on “Our National Flag” said: “It will be interesting to know that the idea of substitution of the Chakra (Wheel) for the Charkha (Spinning wheel) was conceived by late Andhra Ratna D. Gopalakrishnayya”. It was on record that Gopalakrishnayya, known as ‘Hero of Chirela-Perala’, ridiculed the Swaraj flag as a mere spinners-weavers flag. He himself had designed as early as 1920 two separate flags for his Ghosti and Rama Dandu . The main part of the flags was a Vajra within a Chakra i.e. Thunderbolt within a Wheel. Vajra symbolized the bones of Rishi Dadhichi. It was in turn again perhaps taken from the Sister Nivedita’s flag made in 1906 (vide, blog dated April 17, 2010).

We shall discuss in threadbare on this subject when we shall talk about various suggestions that were put forward to the ‘Flag Committee’ constituted in 1931 to devise a new flag for India. 

  From 1921 to 1931 the Swaraj flag played a pivotal role in rallying political activities organized by the Congress Party. It became synonymous with the Congress party and some time referred to as Congress Flag or Gandhi flag.

Nagpur Flag Satyagraha-1923

Nagpur Flag Satyagraha (1923) took place to fight back the ban imposed on the flying the Swaraj flag. The prolonged Battle of Flag had given the Swaraj flag large support and eventually the flag became the means of political mobilization and a powerful symbol of anti-colonial protest.

Prominent leaders of Nagpur Flag Satyagraha

Patriotic Flag Songs

Patriotic songs are the musical equivalent of our country’s emblem. Several songs were written/composed during the period have reference of Swaraj flag.

                           

                                              

Behold Our Mother’s Great Banner!

(Thayein Mani Kudi Pareer)

Under the flag-mast are patriots

Loyal and faithful

Ready to sacrifice their very life

To keep the flag flying high.

Behold our mother’s great banner!

“Vijayi bishwa tiranga pyara 
Jhanda uncha rahe hamara.”

(Winsome to the world is our Tricolour dear

High may it soar is our passionate prayer)

(to be continued) 

Quest for a Flag for India, Part VI

The Swaraj (National) Flag -1921

While our Home Rule volunteers were engaged in promoting the Home Rule flag across the country during 1917-18, another whisper-snapper patriot, a true nationalist, from Musilpatam (Madras) (now of Andhra Pradesh) Pingali Venkayya was relentlessly working for a flag for India. In 1916, P. Venkayya founded an Indian Flag Mission along with his associates Omar Sobhani and S.R.Bommanji, in order to propagate at the grass root level, urging people of India to realize the political wisdom of adopting a National flag for India.

Jhanda Venkayya (1876 - 1963)

P. Venkayya wrote a booklet in 1916; titled ‘A National Flag for India’ with a foreword by B.N. Sharma (the booklet was financed by C. P. Ramaswamy Iyar). In this booklet Venkayya published at least 30 illustrations of his proposed flag models. Amongst the flag designs there was also a ‘Vajra Flag’, as was originally suggested by Sister Nivedita. Venkayya attended the Calcutta session of Congress in December 1906, presided over by Sir Dadabhoy Naoroji in which the ‘Vande Matarm flag’ was hoisted. He was also a volunteer of the Home Rule Movement of Annie Besant. 

In 1921, Pinglay Venkayya prepared a flag design “Red over Green”

colours representing the Hindus & the Muslims.  A Charkha was placed on the flag as suggested by Lala Hansraj of Bajware (near Jullundur). Later, to the wishes of Mahatma Gandhi, a white band was added on top of the colour ‘red’ to represent all other lesser communities.

 

Note the two different spellings of  ‘Venkayya’ and ‘Venkaiah’ used by the Dept. of Posts.

‘Purna Swaraj Flag of 1931’ was not designed by Venkayya, it is wrongly stated in the information brochure published by the Department of Posts that both the flags depicted on the stamp are his designs, therefore, the projection of the Purna Swaraj flag on the stamp on Venkayya (issued on 12. 08. 2009) is unwarranted. As a matter of fact, P. Venkayya played no role in the subsequent flag designs after the creation of Swaraj flag. He was not even nominated as a member of the Flag Committee set up in 1931 to devise a new flag, when there was nation-wise objections raised to the interpretation of the colours (on the basis of communal compartmentalism) and their disposition ‘white over green over red’ of the Swaraj flag. Venkayya was not even an invitee to the AICC session in Bombay in 1931, in which the ‘Purna Swaraj Flag’ was devised and officially accepted. Venkayya by then retired from active politics.

Mahatma Gandhi wrote in the Young India in April 1921 “A flag is a necessity….It will be for us Indians…..to recognize a common flag to live and to die for.  …... Mr. P. Venkayya has for some years placed before the public a suggestive booklet describing the flags of the other nations and offering designs for an Indian National Flag. But, whilst I have always admired the persistent zeal with which Mr. Venkayya has prosecuted the cause of a National Flag…. He was never able to enthuse me; and in his designs I saw nothing to stir the nation to its depths….. .At Bezwada (now, Vijayawada)I asked Mr. Venkayya to give me a design containing a spinning wheel on a red(Hindu colour) and Green (Muslim colour) background….. I suggest that the background should be white and green and red. The white portion is intended to represent all other faiths. The weakest numerically occupy the first place. The Islamic colour comes next; the Hindu colour red comes last, the idea being that the strongest should act as a shield to the weakest ... to represent the equality of the least of us with the best, an equal part is suggested to all three colours in the design. ... the flag must be made of Khaddar, for it  is rough coarse cloth alone that can make India independent of foreign markets for her cloth. ….The regulation size of the flag should contain the drawing of a full sized spinning-wheel.”  The extracts of the article reveals that it was Gandhi who himself had influenced the making of the Swaraj flag. Therefore, the sole credit to P. Venkayya as the designer the Swaraj flag is factually incorrect. A myth has been grown that it was Venkayya who designed the Swaraj flag. Historians by and large, took the myth at its face value and agreed that it was Venkayya who gave us the Swaraj flag.The Swaraj flag was never officially adopted as the ‘National Flag’ by a formal resolution.However, Mahatma Gandhi’s approval, made it popular everywhere in India. It was also known that Mahatma Gandhi was not too happy when in 1947, at the eve of Independence, the Charkha of the flag was replaced by the Asoka’s Dharma Chakra (Wheel of law). We shall discuss more on this subject in due course.

With the coming into being of the Swaraj flag in 1921, Venkayya retired from active politics in 1922. But his passion for the Indian flag never died. Prior to his death in 1963, he composed a beautiful poem

OUR TRICOLOUR,  By P. Venkayya

The tricolour ensign of our rich domain

Shall fly aloft and there for ever and ever remain

To remind the world of our famed Maurian Asoka the great

Of vast empire, peaceful and brotherhood state.

Sacrificial saffron will for noble courage stand,

Peaceful white is the truthful central band,

Parrot green will rich chivalry and faith denote.